Federal vs State Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government versus State Law - Case Study Example The manhunt that followed drove police to drove police to one Mr. David Harris who in the wake of being barbecued pointed a finger Randall Adams as the trigger man (Gillers 117). In view of Harris’s declaration, Randall Adams indicted for homicide and condemned to death. The conviction be that as it may, later got one of the most notorious premature deliveries of equity in America. Mr. Adams, as would later be demonstrated, was not the executioner. Indeed, he was not in Harris’s vehicle when the official was murdered. He was just railroaded to jail since his shaggy appearance made him resemble a criminal when contrasted with youthful David Harris. Nonetheless, in 1980, the Supreme Court decided that it was illegal for Texas to necessitate that members of the jury must guarantee that the compulsory bother of a death penalty would not interfere with their idea of obvious issues, for instance, fault or virtue, in the midst of a preliminary. The case was in the long run tossed out and Adams discharged following 12 years in jail. The genuineness of a portion of the state laws were in the end put to light as found on account of Adams. Along these lines, the need to change such laws that foreordained a suspect’s honesty or blame was raised.

Overpopulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Overpopulation - Essay Example The bits of proof introduced by enumeration discoveries, rather than hypotheses of demography, outfit the unavoidable center of this thought. These are for the most part as indicated by the defenders of populace decrease. During the hour of Jesus, the number of inhabitants on the planet may have been around 300 million individuals, thickly stuffed for the most part in China, India, and the Mediterranean district (Fagley 1960, 15). In the wake of examining various approximations, the Secretariat of the United Nations Population Division, proposes â€Å"that the world’s populace was probably going to have been somewhere in the range of 200 and 300 million toward the start of the Christian era† (Fagley 1960, 15). Eventually between1930 and 1960, the development in the number of inhabitants on the planet will be around 1 billion, or roughly multiple times the general populace during the age of the New Testament (Green 2008). Moreover, this populace development might be twic e as immense as the world’s complete populace during the Reformation. This marvel is called ‘population explosion’ (Fagley 1960, 15-16). With the current pace of populace development, it very well may be assessed that in six centuries the quantity of individuals on the planet will be to such an extent that there will be only a square meter for every person to occupy (Jakab 2008). In any case, this would be unthinkable since something will happen to stop it. As an arithmetical practice, the image of the envisioned populace blast can unquestionably be assisted (Gilland 2008). In an April 1958 theoretical article John L. Russell, S.J. speculated that, assuming a populace that develops twofold consistently, a development rate essentially underneath the current rate, the current populace of the world would have originated from an Adam and Eve existent generally in 1000 B.C. (Hollingsworth 1996). A clear delineation of this hypothesis is introduced in the accompanying entry (Fagley 1960): One thousand years subsequently, at a similar rate, there would be 2,000,000 million people†¦ In quite a while from now, the populace would be so thickly pressed that there would be one man on each square yard of the earth’s surface, including the ocean. In 5,000 years the heaviness of people would be equivalent to the all out weight of the earth, and in 14,000 years to the evaluated complete load of the universe (in the same place, p. 18). Evidently, such practices are just helpful in outlining that the current populace development rate can't proceed, and that the issue of overpopulation can't be relieved except if the development rate itself is considerably modified. The significant issue now is the significance of the short-go figures exhibiting the likelihood that the human populace will twofold in the extremely not so distant future. This is positively not an exploratory or theoretical practice. This is the sensible and legitimate repercussion o f the set up truth. This is an augmentation of a populace blast as of now going full speed ahead. Is there actually an issue of overpopulation? What should the administrations do about this purported danger of overpopulation? Should populace development be forcefully constrained by the implementation of laws and assessments? The following area will survey and talk about the contentions for and against the usage of populace development control quantifies by the administration. Overpopulation ought to be halted: True or False? Various statements have been made for embracing populace control systems. They run the

Change Management Business World and Globalization

Question: Depict about the Change Management for Business World and Globalization. Answer: Presentation In the current business world, globalization has changed the whole manner by which business is completed. Business associations are currently contending on a worldwide scale and it has gotten hard for them to accomplish advertise abilities based on forms or materialistic assets as they can be duplicated continuously. Further, business associations have gotten helpless against such a significant number of various inner and outside ecological elements, for example, innovation, monetary, social, legitimate, political, and so forth., which can change continuously. Accordingly, it has gotten significant for business associations to change alongside the changing business sector patterns and natural variables on the off chance that they need to continue in this extreme market rivalry. Changing with the changing patterns has become so basic that a large number of stale organizations (associations that didn't change their procedures or work rehearses) have lost all their pieces of the pie to the contenders. Subsequently, realizing ordinary changes is urgent to support in the business world. Presenting changes in business associations is more difficult than one might expect. It is a characteristic propensity of people to opposition changes in their normal daily practice and therefore, a great deal of obstruction is offered by the representatives to change programs, which administrations of business associations present. In this task, we will talk about various change the board speculations that have been proposed by some pioneer in the subject. We will likewise examine the job that the administration needs to play in the effective execution of a change program. Change Management Theories There have been various hypotheses that have been proposed by pioneers in change the board subject, which can help business associations in arranging and effectively actualizing a change program in the work environment. The hypotheses can contrast from one another and have their own advantages and disadvantages for various circumstances. Let us presently talk about a portion of the significant change the executives that are found in scholarly writings: Kurt lewins hypothesis: The subject of progress the executives is fragmented without the notice of Kurt Lewins change hypothesis in it. One of the pioneers in the subject, Kurt Lewin, proposed a change the board hypothesis, which is additionally celebrated by the name of freezing unfreezing or the 3-phase model of progress hypothesis. Kurt Lewins model built up this model in which he proposed three phases unfreezing, changing and refreezing. The fundamental goal behind the three phases is that as a matter of first importance, the administration needs to make desperation and spread a message that a change is required. The subsequent stage comprises or realizing an arranged change in the procedures or the work tasks and the third stage, or the last stage, comprises of fortifying the correct conduct or the progressions that have been effectively accomplished. Despite the fact that the model was proposed in the mid 1940s, the model is as yet legitimate today and is one of the most broadly utilized models in the business world. A few specialists contend that change is steady and it ought not be begun or halted with certain means however the examples of overcoming adversity in the previous scarcely any years have something other than what's expected to state. Indeed, even in the previous scarcely any years, the model pr oposed by Kurt Lewin has been generally utilized in the social insurance industry to realize needful and significant changes effectively (Burnes, 2004). The associations that have had the option to make progress in change execution because of the change model proposed by Kurt Lewin accept that the model despite everything holds its legitimacy as it identifies with the brain science of the people and their conduct identified with change programs, which will consistently be the equivalent, regardless of the decades. The prosci adkar model: The Prosci ADKAR model is a change the executives model that is objective situated and aides individual just as authoritative change. The change model was created by Prosci author Jeff Hiatt. In the models name, ADKAR is an abbreviation that speaks to five distinct results for example mindfulness, want, information, capacity and fortification. The model is an effective way to deal with design and deal with a change program preceding its usage and furthermore during the execution of the change program. In the mindfulness stage, the model recommends that the administration ought to make a comprehension in the association that a change is required and pass on the reasons why realizing a change is vital. At that point the administration ought to make a longing in the psyches of the workforce that they should bolster the change. Here, viable driving and impacting can prove to be useful. Third, the administration ought to give information to the individuals with the goal that they can see how to change and what they are relied upon to do. Fourth, the administration should furnish the representatives with the capacity or the abilities that would permit them to join the progressions that are being presented in the association (Cameron and Green, 2004). Ultimately, the associations ought to strengthen the progressions that have been effectively executed by acknowledging and remunerating the individuals who advance and acknowledge the change. ADKAR model has a high legitimacy in the current occasions as it offers a methodology that can help in the recognizable proof and assessment of reasons due to which change usage falls flat or results are not acquired. It permits organizations to break the change program into little attainable parts and furthermore considers the program from business perspective just as individuals perspective (Hiatt, 2006). Kotters change the board hypothesis: Another acclaimed change the executives hypothesis was proposed by Kotter and the hypothesis is renowned by the name of Kotters 8-advance change model. In this hypothesis, John P. Kotter proposed eight stages that can be accustomed to realize a change. Every one of the eight phases is related with a key rule that is related with the reaction of individuals to change. The main stage is to make direness among the individuals so they can be propelled to push ahead. The second stage in the model to construct a group that comprises of opportune individuals with the correct characteristics to advance a change. The third stage comprises of setting clear crucial vision explanations that will pass on the system of the organization. The fourth stage comprises of obviously conveying the whole change the executives program to the workers. The fifth stage in the model recommends that the administration should attempt to expel the hindrances that may cause a disappointment in the execution of the change the board program. The 6th stage comprises of making momentary successes or transient goals with the goal that the administration can investigate the advancement once a destinations is accomplished. The seventh step recommends that the administration ought not announce achievement too soon and should keep on expanding on the progressions that have been effectiv ely actualized. The eighth or the last advance comprises of fortifying the adjustments in the corporate culture by praising the achievement, sharing examples of overcoming adversity and perceiving remunerating those individuals who have helped in advancing the change program. This procedure is advantageous as it is anything but difficult to follow and join while it additionally permits an administration to acknowledge the change and plan for it. Then again, this procedure can be very tedious and being a stage model, it turns out to be critical to execute all means if achievement must be accomplished (Kotter, 1997). Extensions progress model: The model was created by William Bridge, a well known change expert. One of the best in addition to purpose of this model is that it lays a more prominent weight on progress as opposed to discussing change at all purposes of time. The model spotlights on three phases, which are talked about underneath: Consummation, losing and giving up when individuals become mindful about an up and coming change, they enter the primary stage that is set apart with obstruction and distress. Individuals feel that they are moving toward an end and they should begin to acknowledge fresh starts. The impartial zone this is where there is a touch of tumult, vulnerability, fretfulness and disarray. In this stage, there exists an extension and the individuals attempt to traverse the scaffold for example from their old practices to their new practices. This is a vital stage and can even bring about increment in advancement, recharging and an explosion of imagination. The fresh start once the nonpartisan stage passes, the following stage is the fresh start where acknowledgment and vitality begins to come in the image. During this stage, individuals begin to acknowledge the change and comprehend the significance of experiencing a progress from old situation to another position (Tilson, Luecking and Donovan, 1994). Job Of Management And Leadership In Introducing Change As talked about till now, realizing change in business association is basic and is likewise one of the most troublesome things to accomplish. The protection from change programs offered by the workers have here and there brought about the disappointment of organizations because of loss of effectiveness, trust and profitability. In practically all the cases, change programs have flopped because of the wastefulness of the administration in advancing a change appropriately (Cameron and Green, 2004). The board and initiative have the most significant task to carry out in realizing a change (Gill, 2002). Their job in change the executives is talked about beneath: Impart the administration and the pioneers need to convey the change appropriately to the partners as a need correspondence can build the obstruction and break the trust. Set up the administration and the pioneers need to set up the representatives for tolerating the change and experiencing the necessary preparing and advancement programs that would help in realizing a change. Evacuate hindrances the administration and the pioneers of the association are likewise required to investigate, distinguish and expel any deterrents that they think will cause the change program to fizzle. Contact the mana

Apples pies as a totem food and its impact on American Health Annotated Bibliography

Apples pies as a totem food and its effect on American Health - Annotated Bibliography Example The book is helpful to an assortment of individuals including voyagers, culinary experts, and anybody ready to utilize the plans at home. The Thorndike press distributed the book in 2007. It has one hundred and ninety two pages. John T Edge is able to give data on this article since he holds an experts degree in southern investigations from college of Mississippi. He is likewise the chief of southern food ways collusion and a contributing manager at gourmet. The source gives data about how crusty fruit-filled treat has influenced wellbeing in Americans since it starts from the historical backdrop of crusty fruit-filled treat and its effect by and large on the provincial and ethnical America. The source anyway is constrained on the grounds that it more inclined towards the southerners and the data is short, and not given in subtleties. The following source is Food Fight: within story of the food business, America’s stoutness emergency, and what can be done. Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen composed this book. The book talks about the reasons why corpulence particularly in youngsters is on the ascent. It likewise talks about the dietary patterns of American kids, and how they lead to stoutness. It further gives proposals on what individuals ought to do to diminish stoutness in kids. McGraw-slope proficient distributers distributed the source in 2004. The book has 300 and fifty six pages with various sub themes that talk about food propensity, sustenance and its effect. Kelly Brownell is able to give data on this theme since he has a PhD in nourishment and weight issue. He is additionally an executive of the Yale place for eating and weight issue. Katherine Battle Horgan is additionally a teacher in a similar field and colleague at the Yale community for eating and weight issue. The article can be utilized to address the dietary patterns of American kids. Their utilization of an excess of quick nourishments including crusty fruit-filled treats and how these quick food sources lead to corpulence. It likewise gives arrangements on the best way to stop utilization of inexpensive food to

Perry March Convicted of Wifes Murder

Perry March Convicted of Wifes Murder On August 17, 2006, Perry March, a fruitful corporate attorney, was condemned in the homicide of his better half, Janet March, finishing a 10-year-long mystery. Nearly 10 years to the day after Perrys conviction, Janet March had strangely vanished from her four-section of land Forest Hills domain in Nashville, Tennessee, deserting two youngsters and a flourishing profession as a painter and childrens book artist. Gossipy tidbits spread quickly, yet there was no proof of injustice or that any wrongdoing had been submitted. Disappeared On the night of August 15, 1996, Perry and Janet March got into a contention and, as per Perry, Janet chose to take a 12-day get-away. She gathered three sacks, around $5,000 in real money, a pack of maryjane, and her visa, and drove off in her dark four-entryway 1996 Volvo 850 at 8:30 p.m., without telling anybody where she was going. Around 12 PM that night, Perry reached his parents in law, Lawrence and Carolyn Levine, and revealed to them that Janet had departed in the midst of a get-away. From the start, the Levines didnt stress, however as time went on, their interests developed. They needed to contact the police however later said Perry had debilitated them from doing it. Perry said it was the reverse way around. Perry and the Levines looked for Janet for a few days, however when their endeavors fizzled, they reached the police together. At that point, it had been fourteen days since Janet had vanished. Perry and Janet had two kids together-a child, Samson, and a girl, Tzipora. Perry said that Janet had intended to return by August 27 to observe Samsons birthday. Be that as it may, this struck specialists as odd on the grounds that Samsons birthday celebration was booked for August 25, two days before Janets bring go back. Agents additionally discovered that at some point during the day of August 15, Janet had requested that her mom go with her to see a separation lawyer the following day. Janet had found that Perry had paidâ $25,000 to evade an inappropriate behavior suit after he was discovered composing explicitly express letters namelessly to a paralegal that worked in his office. (March had been terminated from that organization therefore and was recruited on at his dad parents in law firm. It was by then that March found out about the capability of a lewd behavior suit against him.) The specialists accepted that Janet had stood up to Perry about needing a separation, and a contention had ejected.  The Rolled-Up Rug There were additionally inquiries regarding a floor covering that was seen at the March home the day after Janet vanished. On Friday, August 16, Marissa Moody and Janet March had intended to meet for part of the day with the goal that their children could play together. At the point when Moody showed up at the March living arrangement at the planned time, Janet was obviously not at home. Perry was, be that as it may, however he didn't come out of his office to welcome Moody. He just sent word through Samson that she could in any case drop off her child to play. While at the March home, Moody saw that a huge, dull, moved up carpet was lying on the floor. It was particularly observable to Moody since Samson was ricocheting toward one side of it, and she realized that Janet kept the homes wonderful hardwood floors finished and carpet free. At the point when Moody came back to get her child, she told authoritiesâ that the floor covering was no more. Another observer surfaced, expressing that they had additionally observed a mat at the March home on August 16. Nonetheless, Ella Goldshmid, the March childrens babysitter, didn't review seeing a carpet. At the point when specialists interrogated Perry regarding the floor covering, he denied that it existed and said that Moody never entered the home on the day that she professes to have seen a carpet. Perrys forswearing about the mat drove analysts to speculate that during the couples contention the prior night, Perry, who held a dark belt in karate, could have handily killed Janet, who weighed only 104 pounds, concealed her body inside the carpet, at that point discarded it the next day. Increasingly Suspicious Evidence On September 7, Janets vehicle was situated at a Nashville high rise. The police discovered Janets identification and other belongings, yet there was no indication of Janet. Janets vehicle was upheld into the parking space. As indicated by Janets closest companion, she just maneuvered into stopping places and never sponsored into them. An airline steward saw somebody that appeared as though Perry leaving thatâ apartment complex on a trail blazing bicycle at around 1:00 a.m. on the night Janet vanished. Perry and Janet shared a PC and not long after she disappeared, so did the PCs hard drive. Leaving Nashville In September, a month after Janet vanished, Perry and the youngsters moved to Chicago. Not long after the move, Perry and his parents in law, the Levines, got into a fight in court over Janets resources. Perry needed to be allowed control of her benefits and the Levines contradicted it. They likewise needed appearance rights, which Perry was eagerly restricted to, stating that they just needed access so the investigators could meet the kids. In 1999, the court granted the Levines appearance, however before they could see the youngsters, Perry moved his family to his dads house in Ajijic, Mexico. Accordingly, the Levines had Janet proclaimed legitimately dead and recorded a common claim against Perry for improper demise in the vanishing of their little girl. Perry neglected to appear for court, and the Levines were granted $133 million. Perry had the decision upset on claim. Grandparents Fight for Custody A year subsequent to moving to Mexico, Perry wedded Carmen Rojas Solorio. The couple had a youngster together. The Levines proceeded with their battle to visit their grandkids. With the assistance of the Mexican government, they had the option to bring Samson and Tzipora to Tennessee for a greatest appearance of 39 days. The Levines at that point started their battle to increase full authority of the youngsters. Perry felt that the Levines had kidnapped his kids and two Tennessee lawyers consented to speak to him proâ bono. The Levines lost, and the youngsters were come back to their dad. Cold Case Detectives In mid 2000, two virus case criminologists returned to the vanishing of Janet March. By 2004, the agents and the examiners office had ordered proof against Perry and introduced it to an excellent jury. The jury restored a prosecution against Perry on charges of second-degree murder, messing with proof, and maltreatment of a cadaver. Perry was additionally arraigned for lawful offense burglary for a supposed 1999 robbery of $23,000 from his dad parents in law firm, where he was working. Perry probably took the cash to raise the $25,000 that would subdue guarantees by the paralegal that he had kept in touch with her explicitly unequivocal letters. The arraignment stayed mystery until the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Mexican government could work out Perrys removal. In August 2005, about nine years after Janet March vanished, Perry March was extradited from Mexico and set collared. During the bond hearing, one of the virus case detectives, Pat Postiglione, expressed that during the departure from Mexico to Nashville, Perry said he was happy to confess in return for a sentence of close to five to seven years. Perry denies ever offering such an expression. A Plot to Kill the In-Laws Perry was held in the Nashville County prison. There he become friends with detainee Russell Farris, who was anticipating preliminary for endeavored murder. Perry disclosed to Farris that he could organize to have his bond posted on the off chance that he would consent to slaughter the Levines. The conversation continued for a considerable length of time. Farris wound up educating his lawyer regarding it, and the data was gone over to the specialists. Farris consented to work with the police, and the police recorded ensuing discussions between the two men. Likewise recorded were discussions Farris had with Perrys father, Arthur March, who was all the while living in Mexico. Arthur disclosed to Ferris the best time of day to go to the Levines home, how to get a firearm, the kind of weapon to get, and how to make a trip to Ajijic, Mexico, after he had killed the Levines. Farris disclosed to Perry he was being discharged, in spite of the fact that he was truly being moved to another district prison. Before Farris left, Perry recorded the Levines address and gave him the bit of paper. Perry was captured and accused of two tallies of sales to submit murder by the Davidson County examiners. He was likewise accused of two checks of scheming to submit murder by government investigators. Perry’s father Arthurâ was additionally accused of similar violations yet stayed in Mexico as a criminal. In 2006, Arthur confessed to the sales charge and worked out a request bargain in return for his declaration against Perry for the homicide of Janet March. Perrys Trials In April 2006, Perry was seen as blameworthy of stealing $23,000 from his dad parents in law firm. In June 2006, he was indicted for the scheme to kill the Levines. In August 2006, Perry went being investigated for second-degree murderâ of his wife,â tampering with proof, and maltreatment of a body. Alongside other proof, a recorded statement given by Arthur March was played for the jury. In it, Arthur discussed the amount he detested the Levines and talked with scorn about Janet. He at that point said that Perry murdered Janet by hitting her with a wrench. Half a month after her homicide, Perry had driven Arthur to where he had discarded the body and disclosed that it must be moved on the grounds that it was going to turn into a building site. The two at that point drove Janets stays to Bowling Green, Kentucky, where Arthur discarded it in some thick brush. Her body has never been found, despite the fact that Arthur March attempted to lead specialists to the spot where he left Janet. Sentenced On August 17, 2006, only seven days after the preliminary had

How Topiramate Is Used to Treat Alcoholism

How Topiramate Is Used to Treat Alcoholism Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How Topiramate Is Used for the Treatment of Alcoholism By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 08, 2020 Drinking High Doses of Alcohol is Linked to Reduced Testosterone Levels. Phil Ashley Stone/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Topamax (topiramate), an anti-seizure medication usually prescribed for people with epilepsy, is also prescribed for helping alcohol-dependent individuals stop drinking. It is used off-label for the treatment of alcoholism and alcohol use disorders, meaning that it is not FDA approved for this purpose. However, it is recommended in the 2015 United States Department of Veterans Affairs/ Department of Defense Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders for people who have moderate-severe alcohol use disorder.??   How Topiramate Works Topiramate has been shown to reduce alcohol cravings for people who have alcoholism and alcohol use disorders. It is not completely clear exactly how it works from a biochemical standpoint, but there are some possible mechanisms that have been suggested. Drinkers get pleasure from alcohol because it triggers the release of dopamine, a positive feedback chemical in the brain. Drinking also alters GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Topiramate is thought to have its effect on alcohol cravings and alcohol use  by interacting with GABA and decreasing the dopamine-induced pleasure caused by alcohol consumption.?? Dose For the treatment of alcohol use disorder or alcoholism, topiramate is used at a dose of 25 mg per day, and it is generally increased to 75 mg per day, although it can be increased to a maximal dose of 300 mg per day.?? This is a relatively low dose, as it is typically started at 100 mg to 200 mg per day for control of seizures in epilepsy. Topiramate is generally not recommended for use when consuming alcohol, as topiramate and alcohol can interfere with each other, causing negative side effects. However, your doctor may suggest using it even if you are still trying to decrease your alcohol use. Its recommended that you slowly decrease your topiramate dose if you will stop taking it, and avoid abruptly stopping this medication without your doctors consent. Topiramate Effect on Alcohol Use Disorders Because  topiramate was first considered as a treatment for alcohol use disorders, a number of studies have been done to test its effectiveness. The studies show that topiramate  is an effective treatment option in alcohol use disorders, specifically in terms of reducing the harmful  drinking  patterns of alcohol use disorders.?? Symptomatic Relief The results of the studies done so far suggest that low doses of topiramate can reduce cravings for alcohol, can reduce the pleasure of drinking alcohol, and can ameliorate  the anxiety and mood instability that may occur when you quit drinking. It also produces a substantial effect on improving the maintenance of abstinence and reducing  alcohol use.?? Types of Alcohol Use that Respond to Topiramate Topiramate  is not effective for every aspect of alcohol use disorders. It has been found to be more effective for people who have certain characteristics, including alcohol cravings, drinking  obsessions, and habitual drinking. It is not considered effective in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. There is some evidence that topiramate may be more effective for treating alcohol use disorder in people who have certain genetic patterns. The Side Effects of Topiramate While topiramate  can help you with your drinking problem, you may experience side effects. Among the most important concerns are suicidal thoughts, increased anxiety or aggression, or mood changes. This is of particular concern if you have a history of depression or other mental health problems.?? Other side effects of topiramate include: HeadachesChange in ability to taste foodMissed menstrual periods and excessive menstrual bleedingDrowsinessParesthesias (tingling of the arms or legs)Trouble concentrating?? Other Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder There are several medications used to reduce alcohol cravings. Three medications, Antabuse (disulfiram), naltrexone, and Campral (acamprosate) are currently approved by the FDA for treating alcohol use disorders U.S.?? Each of these medications works somewhat differently. For example, Antabuse does not reduce cravings, but it makes a drinker feel sick from consuming alcohol, reducing the pleasurable effects of drinking. Naltrexone and Campral have been shown to reduce cravings in alcoholics who have already quit drinking. A Word From Verywell Medications used to treat alcohol use disorders are helpful, but counseling, strategies to reduce alcohol consumption, and, most importantly, a decision to quit, are important aspects of recovering from alcohol addiction.

Redefining the Relationship Between Colonial Margin and Metropolitan Center in The Buddha of Suburbia - Literature Essay Samples

Societies are formed by a mixture of several cultures and people from different countries, as well as cultural backgrounds. But in some cases, the unity of society gives way to culturally hybrid societies that causes identity problem and creates ambivalence and in-betweenness in the inner and social life of individuals. This hybridity discusses the rising of new transcultural forms occurred by the impact of colonization and can even be associates with the work of Homi K. Bhabha, who states that ambivalence gives a description of the complex structure of attraction and repulsion. Therefore, the relationship between colonizer and colonized is characterized by the concept of hybridity. Moreover, it is defined as ambivalent since the colonized subject can never completely resist to the colonizer. As multiculturalism is not a new phenomenon in European history, neither are its literary and artistic manifestations, where the suburban and metropolitan novel The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi, lies in escaping the limitations of postcolonial ethnicity dictated by the immigrant condition. In this novel, ambivalence and in-betweenness of the hybrid identities in multicultural Britain is represented through the main character Karim where his cultural mixture in terms of social, ethnic and even national identity seems to be mistreated and even swallowed by his pride to find somewhere he can belong to. Thus, in what ways has Hanif Kureishi sought to redefine the relationship between the colonial margin and the metropolitan center? Firstly, what makes the novel so valuable is Karim portrayed as a middle-class Indian-Pakistani boy who cuts into the ambivalent experience of Britains South Asian community. From the beginning, Karim does not give the impression to be particularly interested in his own heritage, but shows a strong desire to escape the shabbiness of the suburbs, where â€Å"people rarely dreamed of striking out for happiness† (Kureishi 1999, p.8) The novel is presented from a raced perspective through Karim’s consciousness, while being the son a British woman called Margaret and an Indian father called Haroon. He is not only together with his father’s Indian friends, Anwar, Jeeta and their daughter Jamila, Karim’s best friend and sexual partner but also with his unhappy and alcoholic British relatives Jean and Ted. In addition, it is important to mention that it is full of humorous depictions of racial identity confused or in some way multiple (Indians who want to be more English and English people who find satisfaction in the rejection of their ethno-centric British inheritance). From the beginning of the novel we can depict Karim’s hybrid identity that causes ambivalence in his attitudes towards life and people, when he introduces himself at the very beginning of the novel: â€Å"My name is Karim Amir, and I am an Englishman born and bred, almost. I am often considered to be a funny kind of Englishman, a new breed as it were, having emerged from two old histories.† (p.1) Through this statement he gives the first clue to the reader: his sense of incompleteness that escorts him through the whole story. Karim’s subversive actions are undefined and completely unsystematic. In fact, according to Glabazňa (2010, p.68), this is a fact that may not be the bet ground for anti-colonial politics and resistance, but is fully legitimate in a postcolonial world where any kind of subversive activity must necessarily dismiss all essentials as illusions, and â€Å"utilize instead its own fragmentation, ambivalence and indeterminism†. Regarding his life in Britain, we can distinguish two opposite parts as center and margin: metropolitan and suburban together with multiple conceptions of England. Therefore, the image of the immigrant first trying to assimilate and fulfil the expectations of the host country and then rejecting this role to look for his origins is, according to Karim, the problem of â€Å"The immigrant condition† (p.64) and the creation of identity on the margins of society. As his world is full of class and racial tension, he is caught in a society that either patronizes or accepts the other, provided that the other responds to mainstream assumptions and to commercial notions of exoticism. For Karim the multicultural freedom offered by life in the city is based on the possibility of undoing stereotypes; however, it involves the humiliation of being labelled as â€Å"ethnic† or the minority. Nevertheless, over the course of the novel Karim learns to suffer and tolerate any indignity tha t might help him succeed and escape suburbia. For instance, as an actor he states that he wanted the part, whatever part it was. (p.139) On the contrary of what it may seem, Karim does not want to conform but to be different, because he craves adventure and cannot wait to be elsewhere. When he left his suburban world, he became aware of the dangers of entering a strange territory, especially after meeting Eleanor, he decided to move up the social ladder by losing not his Indian accent, like his father did, but his suburban one. (Zas Rey 2004, p.99) Lured by the fantasy of glamorous, bohemian metropolitan world, Karim – as well as his suburban friends – are desperate to escape to the city in search of the posh artists’ world of central London, at all costs. As a matter of fact, he exhibited how difficult it is for a person of color to elude the prejudice imposed on himself, when Shadwell (the theater director) with his cultural racism sees Karim as the perfect actor to portray Mowgli in The Jungle Book theater production. As a consequence, Karim is appalled by the idea and tempted to come back to the suburbs where he belongs, yet the offensive implications of playing such undignifies role disappeared soon. This role is a clear attempt for Karim to appear ‘more Indian’ on the stage with his accent and covered â€Å"in the brown muck† (p.146) even asking him to hiss like the snake who saves Mowgli’s life. In this way, Kureishi reflects the cultural racism of white society. The director himself claims the he has been casted for authenticity not for experience (p.147). Both Shadwell’s caricature of an Indian accent and his choice to stage such a product of colonialism as Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book, as well as the misconception of Asians as caricatured, â€Å"exploited immigrants constitute ordeals which Karim has to undergo in order to leave the suburbs and improve his career and life†. (Zas Rey 2004, p.100) But there is another interesting aspect behind this: Karim was the one who chose the artistic career to avoid the destiny of half-cast in England (Kureishi 1999, p. 141). Notwithstanding, it is quite ironic that Karim gains respect and a new identity through being an actor of Asian stereotypes in the metropolis. Following Kureishi’s line of thought where he plays with this notion of representation, Pyke (another theater director) asked the group of actors – which Karim belonged to – to â€Å"concentrate on the way [they] think [their] position in society has been fixed† (pp. 168-169) In this way, Pyke shows us how he understands the world: divided into binary groups (oppressors-oppressed, master-slave, colonised-coloniser). On the other hand, Karim and his father enjoy the benefits of being different, because Haroon managed to achieve success by selling exotic ideas of the spirituality and wisdom of the East to the â€Å"disenchanted British middle-class†. (Zas rey 2004, p.74) Consequently, even Karim is surprised when Haroon hisses his s’s and exaggerated his Indian accent, that he tried to suppress for so long, â€Å"trying to be more of an Englishman, to be less risibly conspicuous† (Kureishi 1999, p.21) In this way, Karim and his father utilize different forms of orientalist stereotypes and server them to the British public in exchange for cash, at first, but putting into a subversive play this whole history of British colonialism. Hence, Graham Huggan’s opinion regarding this issue becomes quite relevant: â€Å"Minorities are encouraged, in some cases obliged, to stage their racial/ethnic identities in keeping with white stereotypical perceptions of an exotic cultural o ther† (OÄ uz 2013, p.1177) Moreover, the novel is full of other examples where the characters play with this in-betweenness. To mention some: when Haroon suggested that his English wife should wear a sari to be less English and ‘more acceptable’; when Ted anglicized Haroon by naming him ‘Harry’; when Karim or ‘Creamy’ renamed Jean and Ted to ‘gin and tonic’ (the typical and well-known British colonial drink). Briefly, as Kureishi makes clear, the characters decide to fraudulently – or not, in some cases – exploit the obsolete oriental colonial conceptions of the East by adopting a false identity (as the Buddha of the suburbs), and these performances can be seen on one level as parodies of white expectations and, on another, as demonstrations of the performative basis of all identity formation and process. Finally, when Karim decides to return from New York – where he experienced the true actor’s life and fame, as well as a sense of belonging because of Manhattans open space liberates the individual from his imposed artificial background – there is a very specific moment where he refers to his next role in a soap opera that â€Å"would tangle the latest contemporary issues: [†¦] racist attacks, the stuff that people lived through but never got on TV† (p.259) Thus, it is quite intriguing that even after he managed to become more famous and recognized by his previous roles as an actor, he still had to perform as an Indian shopkeeper that would go through these ‘contemporary issues’. After four years of questioning where he belongs, Karim manages to locate himself in relation to ‘here’ and ‘there’ by turning his own created ethnic identity to his advantage. His quest for self-identity manages to fuse the two sides (English and Indian, city and suburbs) which together constitute his essence. But the notions of whiteness as â€Å"holly and blackness [as] satanic† (OÄ uz 2013, p.1282) is the pure result of hybrid identities – biologically and culturally – that turned out to show in this story the permeability of class divisions and the new possibilities of social mobility in postwar Britain. Kureishi managed to redefine the relationship between the colonial margin and the metropolitan center in this novel because not only it traces the tenacity and power of class distinctions, as the main character is constantly confronted with the differences between his roots; but also, it presents the possibility of undoing stereotypes – for instance, in New York – to conform an ambiguity which stresses the value of identity and location. Sources GLABAZŇA, R. (2010). THEATER OF IDENTITY: THE BUDDHA OF SUBURBIA. Silesian University in Opava. Moravian Journal of Literature and Film 2, no. 1, pp.65–77. KUREISHI, H. (1999). THE BUDDHA OF SUBURBIA. London: Faber and Faber Editions OÄžUZ, A. (2013). AMBIVALENCE AND IN-BETWEENNESS IN HANIF KUREISHI’S THE BUDDHA OF SUBURBIA AND DORIS LESSING’S VICTORIA AND THE STAVENEYS. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Volume 6 Issue 3(6), pp.1175-1183. ZAS REY, S. (2004). PICARESQUE AND ROMANCE IN GOLDEN AGE SPAIN AND POSTCOLONIAL BRITAIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. The University of Hull.